Critical Thinking

Outline

Critical Thinking (2006) introduces practical tools for examining assumptions, evaluating evidence, asking clear questions, and reaching well-supported conclusions. It encourages readers to recognise bias, consider different viewpoints, and apply consistent intellectual standards to everyday decisions.

• Examine your own assumptions before accepting a conclusion, because unexamined assumptions quietly shape what you believe.
• Evaluate evidence carefully and check whether it actually supports the claim being made.
• Ask clear, precise questions, since vague questions lead to vague answers and weak decisions.
• Learn to recognise bias in yourself and in others, and consider viewpoints different from your own.
• Apply the same intellectual standards consistently to everyday decisions, not only to big problems.

Richard Paul (1937–2015) and Linda Elder became influential educators and authors in the field of critical thinking. Paul founded the Center for Critical Thinking, while Elder is an educational psychologist who has led programmes dedicated to improving reasoning and intellectual discipline.